Contributor: Armand De Filippo

General View of the Agriculture of Hampshire including the Isle of Wight by Charles Vancouver The Board Agriculture and Internal Improvement 1813

The object
On the desk in front of me is a modest looking book measuring approximately 24.5 cm x 15cm x 5cm. It appears to have been rebound at some stage of its life. It has pasteboard covers and quarter cover binding in brown leather. What may have been the original title lettering, in gold, on red leather, has been retained, cut out from the former covering and attached to the spine.
The pagination indicates that the book contains several pages of introduction, 520 pages of main text and an additional 16 pages advertising other publications. Interestingly, pages 9 to 16 of this latter section are uncut – the folded sheets of paper have been sewn into the book but were never cut open during the binding process. As was fashionable at the time, the pages are untrimmed and have uneven or ‘deckled’ edges.
The book also features a coloured fold out map of the county of Hampshire and Isle of Wight, as well as fold out pages of data tables and several plates featuring images of agricultural equipment. It seems that one or more of the book’s earlier users may have been so taken with the image plates of two ploughs and a Patent Hampshire waggon, that they cut or tore out the pages containing them. However, if we look carefully at the bottom of the page, below the text describing the waggon we can see a palimpsest or ghost image of a spoked waggon wheel.
A printer’s note to potential binders with directions for where within the text to incorporate the image plates is an interesting reminder to us that the notion of buying a book ready-bound from a bookshop is comparatively recent. The original purchaser of this book in 1813 would have bought the bundle of pages unbound and taken them to a bookbinder to select a binding style according to taste and budget.The content
The 1813 edition of the General View of the Agriculture of Hampshire including the Isle of Wight, contains an introduction written in Brockenhurst in March 1809. By the time he came to write about the state of agriculture in Hampshire, James Vancouver had already been involved in the production of agricultural surveys of Cambridgeshire, Essex, and Devon as part of a series of reports on the state of agriculture in English counties commissioned by the then recently established Board of Agriculture (1793).
The book’s scope is extensive. Vancouver explores the condition of buildings, agriculture implements used, crop types, gardens and orchards, methods of soil improvement and crop production, animals, woods and plantations, agricultural labour, transport links and the fairs and markets in Hampshire and the Isle of Wight.
To modern eyes some passages of the text may appear quaint, archaic, and longwinded and evoke an image of a bygone rural idyl. For instance, Vancouver conveys a concern with ‘dry weather during the autumnal months’ (much like we have recently experienced) which, he worries, ‘will have left more strong beer than water within the boundaries of a parish’. (p48)
Describing cob walls, Vancouver notes their ‘rough-cast or white-washed’ appearance, with ‘a neat coping of thatch’ and ‘having neither a mean or deforming character, but on the side of a verdant lawn, or partly concealed in the skirting woods or pleasure ground, serve much to vary the verdure, and harmonize vary agreeably in such places’.
Mr St Barbe’s large red brick wall near Lymington was picked out for special praise by Charles Vancouver who described it as ‘very neat’ and of a ‘waving character’, six feet in height above its foundations and ‘75 yards in length’. The cost of the wall came to 5l 12 s ‘per perch’, (5 1/2 yards) including materials and workmanship’. This walling can still be seen in Lymington today. (p.287)
Yet, these passages also tell us much about contemporary concerns with aesthetics – how gardens appeared, and how buildings affected the local neighbourhood and environment – at least for the privileged wealthy people of early 19th century Hampshire. Vancouver notes, for instance, that ‘Colonel Mitford, of Exbury, has also erected several new and convenient cottages. In placing these buildings, the Colonel has had it no less in view to prevent the appearance of any nuisance from the street’ (p73).
Vancouver points out that Hampshire ‘seem[ed] generally to be much better supplied with comfortable dwellings for the peasantry’ (p.70) and cites examples of landowners building dwellings for labourers and their families using techniques and materials (including recycled ships’ planking) to limit damp and unpleasant conditions. Nevertheless, when Vancouver refers to ‘cottages built for a superior class of labourer’ it is a sharp and uncomfortable reminder to us of the social hierarchy and inequality in rural England at the beginning of the 19th century.

Modern relevance
Many of the issues that gave rise to this book are echoed in concerns today. At the time this book was published there was deep concern about national security – England was embroiled in a global conflict with France (the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815), at war with the very young United States (1812-1815); the country was experiencing deep social division, unrest and uncertainty, which culminated, a few years after this book was written, in the Peterloo Massacre (1819); and there were widespread concerns over resources and national economic sustainability.
Vancouver’s agricultural survey of Hampshire also provides telling insight into contemporary attitudes towards nature and the environment and describes agricultural practices that have played a key part in shaping the local landscapes we live in today.

Wider context
James Vancouver’s younger brother, George was a protégé of James Cook and led an expedition to the Pacific northwest coast in the 1790s’s. George Vancouver is remembered by the island and city in modern British Columbia, Canada, that bear his name.
George’s professional and personal life was not without difficulties, and these may be behind James Gillray’s 1796 cartoon entitled ‘Caneing in Conduit Street’ (the street in which George lived in London). The cartoon is now in the collections of the National Portrait Gallery. Gillray’s cartoon features George, seemingly involved in a lively dispute with Thomas Pitt (2nd Baron Camelford), but most intriguingly for us perhaps, is that Gillray’s cartoon seems to feature a picture of Charles Vancouver – a rare if not unique image of the author of General View of the Agriculture of Hampshire, including the Isle of Wight. James is thought to be the figure standing between the two protagonists.
https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp166167/charles-vancouver?search=sas&sText=vancouver

Time traveller
But perhaps most remarkable of all is that this book object has travelled across time and geographical space, transcended historical categories and human life spans, enabling us opportunities not only to read it over two hundred years after it was written but, to share in the experiences of the book’s original users who would held it, felt its heft, the texture of its pages, smelled the odour of its paper, and the sound of its pages being turned, just as we can today.
Contents pages showing sections on a diverse range of topics, including arable crops, woods, roads, canals, labour, and soil conditions.

‘Plate XIII’: Images of garden walls typical of those found in the southern part of Hampshire, ‘built only half a brick thick’ and in ‘waved’ or ‘diverging from a straight line’.

See more images of this book  https://nfknowledge.org/record/nfc-106368/

The spirit in the wood: a carving in wood by Tom Charman (b.1863 – d.1935)

In a display case at the New Forest Heritage Centre are several curious wooden objects. They all demand their viewers’ attentions, but when I stopped to investigate, one, took my notice.

This carved wooden object is about 28cm high x 26 cm long x 8 cm (at its widest point). It has a polished sheen and smooth surface, which, in places is rich with raised contours ridges and curves, angles, hollows and sunken grooves. At first glance this object appears brown, but closer inspection reveals many shades of ochre, russet, yellows, and creams greying to black. It is a fantastical creature, with a body, face, arms and legs. This object-creature sits, or squats on its haunches toward the back and left of the cabinet. At or on its feet is a disturbing, slightly threatening looking protrusion. Is it a claw or horn, or something more benign such as an ‘ET’-like finger seeking connections and reassurance? It is of this world, it is made of wood, yet it exudes ‘E’xtra- ‘T’errestrial qualities.

Front view of a Tom Charman wood carving

The object-creature has a startled look; its eyes are open wide, it is transfixed (or transfixing). Its body looks hunched, its hands or paws are clasped, wringing. It looks anxious. Is this object spellbound, or is it in the act of casting a spell? It exudes a sense of dynamism, vigour and nervous energy. It appears to be cowering toward the back of the display cabinet, shy perhaps and wary of the gaze of visitors. But look again, and it could be that this object-creature is about to pounce, leap out toward the viewer and hug or grab him or her. In the moment of encounter when we confront and are confronted by this mysterious object that it is animated and vibrant.

As I behold the object-creature and it stares wide-eyed, back at me.[i] My presence seems to invigorate it, encourages it to perform and act. I am the focus of its attention, just as it is the focus of mine. This is ‘enchanted looking’. My act of intense attention seems to draw a circle around us, excluding everything but me and the object-creature. All circumambient images are banished and murmuring voices stilled. [ii]

This momentary relationship evokes reactions in me; physical – I step back, then move closer and peer in, nose almost touching the glass of the case; emotional – I am unnerved by the object, its expression, how it appears to return my gaze. But while it may exude a sense of threat, I also feel sympathetic towards it – it looks nervous, anxious and vulnerable. ‘What could I do to comfort it?’ I find myself thinking. My imagination is also ignited. This creature is mysterious, magical, charming and awesome. I find myself drawing on other cultural references and personal memories. It reminds me of animals featured in wildlife programmes filmed in distant exotic locations; it brings to mind characters from films, comics and books. I am provoked to reflect on an exhibition once visited, (African Art in the Bode Museum, Berlin), which featured contemporary Western and Africa iconography. Did I meet this object-creature there too, I wonder?

Although it is not a life-like representation of any animal I have seen its physical form – size and shape, its big eyes, button nose and large ears lend it rabbit-like qualities. ‘This is peculiar’, I think to myself, as I remember that 27 December 2021 is the 150th anniversary of the publication of Through the Looking Glass: And What Alice Found There (1871), and glance to my left and see the same object-creature reflected in another intriguing object on display in the museum –Alice Liddle’s mirror. As a child, Alice, a resident of Lyndhurst, is widely considered to have been Lewis Carroll’s inspiration for the titular character in Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and Through the Looking Glass. This avatar of Lewis Carroll’s famous anthropomorphic rabbit may be brown rather than white, naked rather than clothed, but it is enchanting and enthralling, nonetheless.

Charman Carving Display Case

There is little interpretive text accompanying this display of puzzling, eerie objects. This enables me to create my own meanings and craft my personal imaginative, emotional understandings of, and responses to the object creature that caught my attention. But it also provokes my curiosity to discover more about it. Who made it? Why? When? Where? So, I walked through the adjacent door into the library of the New Forest Heritage Centre and discovered a book written by the son of the craftsman who carved the curious creatures. In Christopher Charman’s memoir, In the Spirit of Godshill: A New Forest Life. I learn that Tom Charman (b.1863 – d.1935), was an artist, performer, and craftsman who lived and worked for many years at Godshill in the New Forest. https://nfknowledge.org/record/nfc-162156/

In his youth, Tom Charman travelled to the United States and found work as a cartoonist for a New Jersey newspaper. His enthusiasm for cartoons led him to collect ‘dozens of comics full of classic character like Popeye.’[iii] I begin to wonder if there is something cartoon-like in these carved images.

Charman’s son, Christopher, recounts that during his period in America, Tom experienced what he described as a bout of ‘artistic paralysis’. ‘The voices in my father’s dreams convinced him that he was being looked after by some spiritual force outside of the normal…’[iv] This experience left Charman with a deep interest in spiritualism.[v]

Back at Godshill, Charman would venture out to collect firewood in the Forest. Gorse stumps and distorted wood from old holly trees were favoured by Charman and he began to carve these ‘into the most original imaginary creatures.’[vi] Charman’s carvings caught the eye of fellow New Forest resident, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, who became ‘fascinated’ by Tom’s ‘strange wooden carvings.’[vii] They discovered a mutual interest in spiritualism and the paranormal and, Christopher Charman recalls, ‘Conan Doyle was a frequent visitor to our little bungalow’.[viii]

Interestingly, Tom Charman’s father in-law was Earnest Westlake, a founder member of the Order of Woodcraft Chivalry. Westlake, according to Christopher Charman, ‘had an idea that’ his son-in law ‘would be a great help with…the Order.’[ix] The Order of Woodcraft Chivalry was one of several popular woodland and woodcraft-focussed movements during the first half of the twentieth century. It was scouting like but eschewed military influences and emphasized virtues of fellowship and woodcraft. The Order included some well-known names among its membership and is alleged to have accepted concepts of Neopaganism. Connections have also been drawn between the Order of Woodcraft Chivalry, the New Forest coven and the religion of Wicca. https://artsandculture.google.com/entity/order-of-woodcraft-chivalry/m03d1f68?hl=en

This information ignited my imagination and I started to wonder about the esoteric expression on the face of the object-creature; its recognizable display of emotions which are reflected in its physicality. My reaction to this object-creature would not have been what it was, if it was not what it was – its density, colour, shape, and form. The materiality and material form of the object provoked me to react and respond. So, I pondered, does it possess agency – the capacity of something or someone to effect change in its environment? These ideas challenge traditional Western conventions about the relationships between people and things. Is the world of which we are a part simply passive and us humans the only actants? I was reminded of Jane Bennett’s powerful book, Vibrant Matter in which she explores the active participation of non-human forces affecting situations and the role of everyday physical phenomena in events.[x] Then, I remembered Luci Attala’s and Louise Steel’s contention that agency is not placed within any material or flesh but rather can be regarded as the outcome of relationships.[xi] This seemed to align with my experience on encountering the object creature.

Side view of a Tom Charman wood carving

As I interrogated the object-creature further, I noticed a whorl of dark, knotty wood and reflected on how the wood might feel if held. Was it hard or did it ‘give’ a little? Would it feel cool to the touch, or perhaps exude a sense of warmth? My nearness to the object-creature stimulated a notion of ‘haptic fancy’. Actual touch was not possible because we were separated by the glass case, but I could imagine the object’s tactility, nonetheless.[xii] How did the wood feel to the maker? The object creature was not the result of a blueprint in the craftsperson’s mind. It seemed to me more likely to have been a co-creation; an emergence from a fluid process in which maker and material participated and conspired.[xiii]

The object-creature I encounter has a time-full presence, expresses the nature of its physical materiality and, in equal measure, the dexterity, skill, emotions, understandings and imaginings of the craftsperson who worked with it. Crouched on the shelf in the display cabinet it suggests a liminal space – myth and reality, potent and passive, magical artefact and commonplace material. It defies human knowing. Encounter this ‘spirit of the wood’ at the New Forest Heritage Centre and discover how it makes you feel. In the meantime, more of the fascinating carvings of Tom Charman can be seen on the New Forest Knowledge website. https://nfknowledge.org/?s=charman

[i] See, Karen Barad, ‘Posthumanist Performativity: Toward an understanding of how matter comes to matter’ in Signs: Journal of Women and Culture in Society 28(3), 2003, 801-31, (p.817) and Karen Barad, Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning, (Durham NC and London: Duke University Press, 2007).

[ii] Stephen Greenblatt, ‘Resonance and Wonder’ in Karp, Ivan and Levine, Steven, D., (eds.), Exhibiting Cultures: The Poetics and Politics of Museum Display, (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991), 42-56, (p.52)

[iii] Christopher Charman, In the spirit of Godshill: The journal of Christopher Pan Charman: A New Forest Life,(Godshill Hampshire: Millersford Press, 2019),(p3).

[iv] Ibid. p.3.

[v] Ibid. p.3.

[vi] Ibid. p.40.

[vii] Ibid. p.56.

[viii] Ibid. p.57.

[ix]Ibid. p.25.

[x] See, Jane Bennett, Vibrant Matter: a political ecology of things, (Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2010).

[xi] Luci Attala and Louise Steel, (eds.), ‘Introduction’ in Body Matters: Exploring the materiality of the human body, (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2019), (p.14).

[xii] Sandra Dudley, ‘What’s in the Drawers?’ in The Senses and Society, (2014), 9:3, 296-309, (p.305).

[xiii] See, Tim Ingold, Making: Anthropology, Archaeology, Art and Architecture, (London: Routledge, 2013).